{"id":17731,"date":"2025-08-21T22:30:08","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T19:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/gas-chromatography-based-on-uop603-for-co-and-co2-measurement\/"},"modified":"2025-08-23T13:42:53","modified_gmt":"2025-08-23T10:12:53","slug":"gas-chromatography-based-on-uop603-for-co-and-co2-measurement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/en\/gas-chromatography-based-on-uop603-for-co-and-co2-measurement\/","title":{"rendered":"Gas chromatography based on UOP603 for CO and CO2 measurement"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"17731\" class=\"elementor elementor-17731 elementor-17642\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db2b688 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"db2b688\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e9e4f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"0e9e4f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h1 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Introduction to UOP Standards and Their Role in the Oil and Gas Industry<\/h1><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The <strong>UOP (Universal Oil Products) standards<\/strong> are a collection of specialized testing methods developed by UOP. This company is recognized as one of the most important global authorities in the field of catalysts, refining and petrochemical processes, and hydrocarbon testing methods. UOP standards are specifically designed for <strong>quality control of feedstocks, products, and process streams<\/strong> in refineries and petrochemical complexes and are widely used as an industrial reference in many countries.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The primary role of these standards is to provide <strong>accurate, reproducible, and internationally recognized methods<\/strong> for determining the composition of hydrocarbons, impurities, and their physical and chemical properties. Since the oil and gas industries are highly dependent on the quality and purity of input and output streams, using these methods contributes to <strong>process optimization, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement<\/strong>.<\/p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Importance of Impurity Control in Gas Streams<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Gas streams play a critical role in refining and petrochemical units; they may include light hydrocarbons (C1\u2013C5), hydrogen, nitrogen, CO, and CO\u2082. The presence of impurities or deviations in the actual composition of these gases can have serious effects on process performance.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Examples of impurity impacts:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Reduced catalyst efficiency:<\/strong> Many catalysts are highly sensitive to impurities such as sulfur- or nitrogen-containing compounds.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Safety risks:<\/strong> A high concentration of hydrogen or light hydrocarbons increases explosion hazards.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Product quality control:<\/strong> The composition of light gases directly affects the quality of LPG, gasoline, and hydrogen.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Energy optimization:<\/strong> Knowing the exact gas composition allows better design and adjustment of separation and recovery units.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">For this reason, standardized methods such as <strong>UOP603<\/strong> have been developed for precise analysis of gas compositions, enabling industries to maintain strict quality control over their gas streams.<\/p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">The Position of UOP603 Among Similar Methods (ASTM D1945, ISO 6974)<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>UOP603<\/strong> is one of the most important methods for determining the composition of light and hydrocarbon gases using <strong>Gas Chromatography (GC)<\/strong>. This method is specifically designed for streams containing methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and non-hydrocarbon gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, CO, and CO\u2082.<\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>ASTM D1945:<\/strong> An American standard, also based on GC, widely applied for analyzing hydrocarbon and permanent gas compositions.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>ISO 6974:<\/strong> An international standard that defines the composition of natural gas and similar gases, especially used in global gas trade.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>UOP603:<\/strong> Compared to the above, it is more focused on <strong>refining and petrochemical applications<\/strong> and, since it was developed by UOP, offers higher compatibility with the company\u2019s processes and catalysts.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">In other words, although all three standards are used for light gas composition analysis, <strong>UOP603 holds a special place<\/strong> due to its detailed procedures and focus on refinery-specific conditions, and it is considered a primary reference in many industrial units.<\/p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Effects of Impurities on Catalysts and Chemical Processes<\/h2><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Effect of CO on Catalysts<\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">CO strongly binds to the surface of transition metals such as Ni, Fe, and Pt, causing <strong>catalyst poisoning<\/strong>. In <strong>steam reforming units<\/strong> that use nickel catalysts, CO can block active sites and reduce methane-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency. In hydrogenation processes, the presence of CO prevents hydrogen adsorption on the catalyst surface.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Effect of CO\u2082 on Catalysts<\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">At high temperatures, CO\u2082 can enter the <strong>water-gas shift reaction<\/strong>, altering catalytic equilibria. In the presence of steam, it can lead to <strong>carbon deposition<\/strong> on catalysts. In cracking and reforming processes, CO\u2082 lowers catalyst activity and alters product selectivity.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Operational challenges caused by these gases in refining processes:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Reduced process efficiency:<\/strong> CO and CO\u2082 alter the feed composition in reforming, cracking, and synthesis units, leading to lower efficiency, higher energy consumption, and unwanted by-products.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Catalyst poisoning and deactivation:<\/strong> CO forms strong bonds with metal surfaces, blocking key reactions. CO\u2082 may cause carbon deposition under certain conditions, blocking active sites.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Corrosion issues:<\/strong> CO\u2082 reacts with water in streams to form carbonic acid, which is highly corrosive and can damage pipelines, heat exchangers, and refinery equipment.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Reduced product purity:<\/strong> In hydrogen, ammonia, or methanol production, CO and CO\u2082 are considered major impurities, reducing the final product purity. For example, in high-purity hydrogen production (used in semiconductors or refining), CO and CO\u2082 removal is essential.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Safety and environmental problems:<\/strong> CO is toxic and poses serious health hazards upon leakage. CO\u2082, although non-toxic, can cause suffocation at high concentrations and is a major greenhouse gas, raising environmental concerns.<\/li><\/ul><h2>History and Development of UOP603<\/h2><ol><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Origin of UOP Standards<\/strong><br \/>UOP (Universal Oil Products), whose roots go back to the early 20th century, is a pioneer in refining and petrochemical technology development. Alongside innovative refining processes, the company also created a set of analytical test methods and standards to help industries control hydrocarbon compositions and process streams more accurately.<\/li><\/ol><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">By the 1950s and 1960s, with the rapid growth of refining and petrochemical industries, the need for <strong>comprehensive analytical methods<\/strong> for light gases (C1\u2013C5) and non-hydrocarbon components (H\u2082, N\u2082, CO, CO\u2082) became more pressing.<\/p><ol><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Formation of UOP603<\/strong><br \/>UOP603 was first introduced as a <strong>Gas Chromatography (GC)-based method<\/strong>. It was designed to simultaneously identify and quantify multiple key compounds in refinery gas streams. This standard was developed to overcome limitations of traditional methods such as <strong>wet chemistry<\/strong>, which were time-consuming, less accurate, and restricted to a few simple measurements.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Development and Improvements<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1970s:<\/strong> Introduction of advanced GC instruments and packed columns improved the accuracy and reproducibility of UOP603.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980s:<\/strong> Adoption of capillary columns allowed better separation of butane and pentane isomers and more accurate detection of impurities.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990s:<\/strong> New revisions optimized operating conditions, detector types, and calibration procedures, making UOP603 more suitable for hydrogen, ammonia, and steam reforming units.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2000s onward:<\/strong> Integration of computer-based control systems and data-processing software further enhanced UOP603, enabling <strong>automated chromatographic data processing<\/strong> and highly accurate quantitative results.<\/li><\/ul><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Principles of Gas Chromatography in UOP603<\/h2><ol><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Introduction to Gas Chromatography and Its Components<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4850cf e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c4850cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8424fba elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_image_or_svg\" data-id=\"8424fba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_image_or_svg.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-image text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/product\/gas-chromatograph\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"357\" height=\"261\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0631 \u06af\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Picture2.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Picture2.jpg 357w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Picture2-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Picture2-150x110.jpg 150w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541480e e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"541480e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad8152f elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"ad8152f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"100\">Gas Chromatography (GC)<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"575\"><a href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/en\/product\/gas-chromatographs-crystal-9000\/\"><strong data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"129\">Gas Chromatography (GC)<\/strong><\/a> is one of the most powerful and widely used techniques for analyzing volatile compounds. The principle of this method is based on the separation of components of a gaseous or volatile liquid mixture in a chromatographic column and their subsequent detection. In the <strong data-start=\"396\" data-end=\"415\">UOP603 standard<\/strong>, this method is applied for both <strong data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"495\">qualitative and quantitative determination<\/strong> of light gases (C1\u2013C5) and non-hydrocarbon gases such as H\u2082, N\u2082, CO, and CO\u2082.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"614\">Main Components of a GC System:<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"731\"><strong data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"641\">Carrier Gas Source:<\/strong> Usually helium or nitrogen, responsible for transporting the sample through the column.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"863\"><strong data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"747\">Injector:<\/strong> The point where the gas sample enters the system, operating under controlled temperature and pressure conditions.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"985\"><strong data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"877\">Column:<\/strong> Either packed or capillary, where separation of compounds takes place based on their chemical properties.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1121\"><strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1001\">Detector:<\/strong> The key component that identifies the compounds exiting the column and converts the signal into chromatographic data.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1271\"><strong data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1163\">Data Control and Processing System:<\/strong> Computer and analytical software that process the chromatogram and provide accurate quantitative results.<\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f91ab8 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9f91ab8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41d043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_images_gallery\" data-id=\"a41d043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_images_gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-images-gallery wd-justify-center wd-items-middle view-grid photoswipe-images\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallery-images row wd-spacing-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gas-chromatography-in-metabolomics-techniques-instrumentation-and-applications-2.jpg\"data-width=\"850\" data-height=\"631\" data-index=\"1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/gas-chromatography-in-metabolomics-techniques-instrumentation-and-applications-2.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/GC-Components-1024x605-1-e1764754258239.jpg\"data-width=\"800\" data-height=\"473\" data-index=\"2\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/GC-Components-1024x605-1-e1764754258239.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd26f65 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cd26f65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7917bb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"7917bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"56\" data-end=\"106\">2. Methanizer and Its Key Role in This Method<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"363\">One of the main challenges in detecting <strong data-start=\"148\" data-end=\"154\">CO<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"166\">CO\u2082<\/strong> with GC is the lack of response of the <strong data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"241\">FID (Flame Ionization Detector)<\/strong> to these gases, since they do not naturally ionize. To overcome this issue, a device known as a <strong data-start=\"338\" data-end=\"352\">Methanizer<\/strong> is used.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"365\" data-end=\"398\">Function of the Methanizer:<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"401\" data-end=\"542\">Before reaching the FID detector, <strong data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"441\">CO<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"453\">CO\u2082<\/strong> are passed through a catalytic bed (usually <strong data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"510\">Ni\/Al\u2082O\u2083<\/strong>) in the presence of hydrogen.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"590\"><strong data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"551\">CO<\/strong> is converted into <strong data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"587\">CH\u2084 (methane)<\/strong>.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"593\" data-end=\"634\"><strong data-start=\"593\" data-end=\"600\">CO\u2082<\/strong> is also converted into methane.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"661\"><strong data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"659\">Reaction equations:<\/strong><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\">CO + 3H\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\">CO\u2082 + 4H\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2084 + 2H\u2082O<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"745\" data-end=\"1040\">Since the FID has very high sensitivity to methane, this conversion allows for the <strong data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"912\">highly accurate detection and quantification of even trace amounts of CO and CO\u2082<\/strong>. Therefore, the Methanizer plays a <strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"972\">vital role in UOP603<\/strong>, making it possible to reliably identify and measure these gases.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2901f e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e2901f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef7b7bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_image_or_svg\" data-id=\"ef7b7bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_image_or_svg.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-image text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"818\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 818px) 100vw, 818px\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Methnizer.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Methnizer.jpg 818w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Methnizer-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Methnizer-768x282.jpg 768w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Methnizer-600x220.jpg 600w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Methnizer-150x55.jpg 150w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa11b7a e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"aa11b7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60fab52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"60fab52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"56\" data-end=\"134\">3. FID Detector and the Reason for Its Selection for CO and CO\u2082 Detection<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"445\">The <strong data-start=\"140\" data-end=\"175\">FID (Flame Ionization Detector)<\/strong> is one of the most widely used detectors in GC and is considered ideal for hydrocarbon analysis. This detector works based on the <strong data-start=\"306\" data-end=\"341\">ionization of organic compounds<\/strong> in a hydrogen\u2013air flame, generating an electrical signal proportional to the number of ions produced.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"447\" data-end=\"483\">Key Features of FID in UOP603:<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"486\" data-end=\"598\"><strong data-start=\"486\" data-end=\"506\">High sensitivity<\/strong> to hydrocarbons, particularly methane (after CO and CO\u2082 are converted in the methanizer).<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"601\" data-end=\"703\"><strong data-start=\"601\" data-end=\"622\">Wide linear range<\/strong>, enabling precise measurement of components across a broad concentration span.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"753\"><strong data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"739\">Stability and reproducibility<\/strong> of results.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"970\">For these reasons, the FID is chosen as the <strong data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"829\">primary detector in UOP603<\/strong>. After CO and CO\u2082 pass through the methanizer and are converted into methane, these components can be effectively and accurately detected.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b957658 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b957658\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7875d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_images_gallery\" data-id=\"b7875d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_images_gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-images-gallery wd-justify-center wd-items-middle view-grid photoswipe-images\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallery-images row wd-spacing-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780128031940000039-f03-19-9780128031940.jpg\"data-width=\"337\" data-height=\"203\" data-index=\"1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780128031940000039-f03-19-9780128031940.jpg\"alt=\"3-s2.0-B9780128031940000039-f03-19-9780128031940\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/FID-detector-SCION.jpg\"data-width=\"732\" data-height=\"366\" data-index=\"2\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/FID-detector-SCION.jpg\"alt=\"FID\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1057ce2 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1057ce2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-603ccd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"603ccd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"56\" data-end=\"125\">4. Operation of the Dual-Column System (Backflush and Heart-Cut) The Separation Challenge in Samples with High Methane or Hydrogen<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"390\">In many industrial samples, <strong data-start=\"227\" data-end=\"244\">methane (CH\u2084)<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"248\" data-end=\"265\">hydrogen (H\u2082)<\/strong> are present in large amounts. These gases can co-elute with <strong data-start=\"326\" data-end=\"333\">CO\u2082<\/strong> or even <strong data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"348\">CO<\/strong>, creating chromatographic interference.<\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"547\"><strong data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"430\">If only a single column is used:<\/strong><br data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"433\" \/>CO\u2082 may elute simultaneously with methane. This reduces measurement accuracy and increases calculation errors.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"588\">Function of the First Column<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"693\">The first column is usually responsible for separating major interfering components from CO and CO\u2082.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"696\" data-end=\"791\">For example, methane and hydrogen pass through quickly and are vented out of the main stream.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"866\">CO and CO\u2082 remain in the column and are directed to the second column.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"873\" data-end=\"933\">Function of the Second Column (Heart-Cut or Backflush)<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"936\" data-end=\"1004\">The second column focuses on the precise separation of CO and CO\u2082.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1116\">This column is usually shorter and more specialized, designed to improve <strong data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1094\">resolution<\/strong> between CO and CO\u2082.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1253\">In many configurations, the <strong data-start=\"1147\" data-end=\"1180\">Heart-Cut or Backflush system<\/strong> is applied to completely remove excess methane from the second column.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1260\" data-end=\"1297\">Advantages of Using Two Columns<\/h3><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"2011\"><thead data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1413\"><tr data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1413\"><th style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1330\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1301\" data-end=\"1314\">Advantage<\/strong><\/th><th style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"1330\" data-end=\"1413\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"1332\" data-end=\"1347\">Explanation<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"2011\"><tr data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1646\"><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1562\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1532\" data-end=\"1553\">Better Separation<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1646\">CO and CO\u2082 are completely separated from methane and hydrogen.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"1647\" data-end=\"1766\"><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"1647\" data-end=\"1683\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1649\" data-end=\"1682\">Higher Sensitivity &amp; Accuracy<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1766\">Preventing peak overlap increases accuracy in FID detection.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1888\"><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1804\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1803\">Extended Methanizer &amp; FID Life<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1804\" data-end=\"1888\">Removing excess gases reduces deposits and damage to the methanizer.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"1889\" data-end=\"2011\"><td dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"1889\" data-end=\"1926\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1925\">Capability for Diverse Samples<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\" data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1926\" data-end=\"2011\">Even in the presence of high methane or hydrogen, the method remains reliable.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2018\" data-end=\"2270\">As a result, the combination of <strong data-start=\"2050\" data-end=\"2091\">Methanizer + FID + Dual-Column System<\/strong> in the <strong data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2118\">UOP603 standard<\/strong> provides a highly accurate, fast, and reliable method for identifying and quantifying light gas components and key impurities such as <strong data-start=\"2253\" data-end=\"2267\">CO and CO\u2082<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4bc83d e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f4bc83d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b871b elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_image_or_svg\" data-id=\"f6b871b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_image_or_svg.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-image text-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"395\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" class=\"attachment-gform-image-choice-md size-gform-image-choice-md wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780124046962000102-f10-23-9780124046962.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780124046962000102-f10-23-9780124046962.jpg 503w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780124046962000102-f10-23-9780124046962-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/3-s2.0-B9780124046962000102-f10-23-9780124046962-150x152.jpg 150w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a938228 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a938228\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95448b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"95448b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"110\" data-end=\"141\">UOP603 Operating Procedure<\/h2><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"170\">1. Sample Preparation<\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"353\">Sample preparation is one of the most critical steps in performing the UOP603 standard, as data quality depends on the accuracy and reliability of sampling. The main steps include:<\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"492\"><strong data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"388\">Sample Container Selection:<\/strong> Stainless steel cylinders with tight seals are used to prevent gas leakage and compositional changes.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"675\"><strong data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"530\">Cleaning and Drying Containers:<\/strong> Prior to sampling, containers must be flushed and dried with carrier gas (helium or nitrogen) to remove any residual moisture or contaminants.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"834\"><strong data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"691\">Sampling:<\/strong> The gas sample must be collected directly from the process stream or the main cylinder under controlled pressure and temperature conditions.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"1011\"><strong data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"866\">Storage and Preservation:<\/strong> If the sample is not injected immediately, it must be stored under stable conditions without compositional changes to ensure accurate results.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1018\" data-end=\"1062\">2. Injection of Gas into the GC System<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1195\"><strong data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1078\">Injector:<\/strong> The gas sample enters the injector, where temperature and pressure are controlled to ensure complete vaporization.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1321\"><strong data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1214\">Carrier Gas:<\/strong> Helium or nitrogen is used as the carrier gas to transport the sample from the injector into the column.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1324\" data-end=\"1457\"><strong data-start=\"1324\" data-end=\"1345\">Injection Volume:<\/strong> Typically between 0.1 and 1 mL of gas, depending on the target analyte concentration and the column capacity.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1547\">3. Passage Through the First Column, Separation, and Removal of Interferences<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1550\" data-end=\"1654\"><strong data-start=\"1550\" data-end=\"1567\">First Column:<\/strong> Designed for separating light hydrocarbon components and non-hydrocarbon impurities.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"1833\"><strong data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"1682\">Interference Removal:<\/strong> Heavy or interfering components that could prolong analysis time or affect target peaks are removed using <strong data-start=\"1789\" data-end=\"1802\">Backflush<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"1806\" data-end=\"1819\">Heart-Cut<\/strong> techniques.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1836\" data-end=\"1932\"><strong data-start=\"1836\" data-end=\"1880\">Column Temperature and Pressure Control:<\/strong> Carefully adjusted to achieve optimal separation.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2001\">4. Conversion of CO and CO\u2082 to Methane in the Methanizer<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2004\" data-end=\"2091\"><strong data-start=\"2004\" data-end=\"2019\">Methanizer:<\/strong> A critical component that enables detection of CO and CO\u2082 by the FID.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2094\" data-end=\"2212\"><strong data-start=\"2094\" data-end=\"2115\">Reaction Process:<\/strong> CO and CO\u2082 are converted into methane in the presence of hydrogen over a nickel catalytic bed:<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CO + 3H\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/strong><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CO\u2082 + 4H\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2084 + 2H\u2082O<\/strong><\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2298\" data-end=\"2416\"><strong data-start=\"2298\" data-end=\"2312\">Advantage:<\/strong> This conversion allows the FID to detect very low concentrations of CO and CO\u2082 with high sensitivity.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2423\" data-end=\"2495\">5. Detection and Quantification Using the External Standard Method<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2628\"><strong data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2515\">FID Detector:<\/strong> After passing through the methanizer, gases produce an electrical signal proportional to their concentrations.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2631\" data-end=\"2696\"><strong data-start=\"2631\" data-end=\"2660\">External Standard Method:<\/strong> Used for accurate quantification.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2710\">Procedure:<\/p><ol><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2787\">A standard sample with known composition and concentration is injected.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2791\" data-end=\"2870\">Peak areas from the sample and the standard are compared in the chromatogram.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2874\" data-end=\"2961\">Ratios are used to calculate concentrations of unknown components in the main sample.<\/li><\/ol><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2963\" data-end=\"3064\"><strong data-start=\"2963\" data-end=\"2978\">Advantages:<\/strong> High accuracy, excellent repeatability, and consistency with international methods.<\/p><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3071\" data-end=\"3130\">Sensitivity, Accuracy, and Application Range of UOP603<\/h2><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3132\" data-end=\"3193\">1. Detection Limit (LOD) and Quantification Limit (LOQ)<\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3194\" data-end=\"3313\">In the UOP603 standard, system sensitivity and the ability to measure gas components accurately are highly important:<\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3317\" data-end=\"3504\"><strong data-start=\"3317\" data-end=\"3346\">LOD (Limit of Detection):<\/strong> The lowest concentration detectable without reliable quantification. For CO and CO\u2082 (after methanizer conversion), the LOD is typically around <strong data-start=\"3490\" data-end=\"3501\">1\u20132 ppm<\/strong>.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3507\" data-end=\"3680\"><strong data-start=\"3507\" data-end=\"3541\">LOQ (Limit of Quantification):<\/strong> The lowest concentration measurable with acceptable accuracy and precision. In UOP603, the LOQ for CO and CO\u2082 is generally <strong data-start=\"3665\" data-end=\"3677\">5\u201310 ppm<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3682\" data-end=\"3826\">These values highlight the high precision of the method and its ability to detect even trace impurities in refinery and petrochemical streams.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3833\" data-end=\"3874\">2. Performance in Different Samples<\/h3><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3875\" data-end=\"3952\">The UOP603 system shows reliable performance across different sample types:<\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3956\" data-end=\"4188\"><strong data-start=\"3956\" data-end=\"3979\">Pure Hydrogen (H\u2082):<\/strong> Since hydrogen is not directly detected by the FID, its role is limited to functioning as a carrier gas or in methanizer reactions. The system can measure hydrogen presence in mixtures without interference.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4191\" data-end=\"4350\"><strong data-start=\"4191\" data-end=\"4209\">Methane (CH\u2084):<\/strong> As a fundamental hydrocarbon component, methane produces a strong signal in the FID. Measurement accuracy and repeatability are excellent.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4353\" data-end=\"4552\"><strong data-start=\"4353\" data-end=\"4370\">Gas Mixtures:<\/strong> In complex samples containing CO, CO\u2082, N\u2082, C\u2082\u2013C\u2085, and hydrogen, UOP603 (with dual columns and methanizer) separates all components effectively and provides precise quantification.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4554\" data-end=\"4710\">This adaptability demonstrates the wide industrial applicability of UOP603, including feed analysis for reforming units, natural gas, and recycle streams.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4717\" data-end=\"4762\">3. Possible Interferences and Solutions<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4766\" data-end=\"4881\"><strong data-start=\"4766\" data-end=\"4782\">Oxygen (O\u2082):<\/strong> Oxygen can reduce methanizer efficiency and cause side reactions that affect CO and CO\u2082 signals.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4886\" data-end=\"4972\"><em data-start=\"4886\" data-end=\"4897\">Solution:<\/em> Remove O\u2082 from the sample prior to injection using adsorbents or dryers.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"4976\" data-end=\"5106\"><strong data-start=\"4976\" data-end=\"5001\">Excess Methane (CH\u2084):<\/strong> High methane concentrations can cause overlap between the methane peak and the converted CO\/CO\u2082 peaks.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"5111\" data-end=\"5218\"><em data-start=\"5111\" data-end=\"5122\">Solution:<\/em> Use dual columns with Heart-Cut technique and adjust backflush timing for optimal separation.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"5222\" data-end=\"5312\"><strong data-start=\"5222\" data-end=\"5245\">Water and Moisture:<\/strong> Moisture can damage the column and reduce methanizer efficiency.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"5317\" data-end=\"5388\"><em data-start=\"5317\" data-end=\"5328\">Solution:<\/em> Dry the sample and use molecular sieves before injection.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"5392\" data-end=\"5508\"><strong data-start=\"5392\" data-end=\"5438\">Other Gases (e.g., high N\u2082 or CO\u2082 levels):<\/strong> These can increase separation time and reduce detector sensitivity.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"5513\" data-end=\"5635\"><em data-start=\"5513\" data-end=\"5524\">Solution:<\/em> Optimize column temperature, pressure, and carrier gas flow to improve separation and minimize interference.<\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-196bce1 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"196bce1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2250c elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"da2250c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"166\">Applications in the Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industries<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"478\">The UOP603 standard, due to its high accuracy and ability to detect gaseous impurities, plays a key role in quality control and process optimization within oil, gas, and petrochemical industries. Its main applications include hydrogen production units, ammonia, methanol, reforming, and isomerization plants.<\/p><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"515\">1. Hydrogen Purification<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"712\"><strong data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"533\">Importance:<\/strong> High-purity hydrogen is vital in oil refining, hydrogenation, and chemical industries. Impurities such as CO and CO\u2082 can reduce the performance of hydrogen-sensitive catalysts.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"743\"><strong data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"741\">Application of UOP603:<\/strong><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"820\">Accurate measurement of CO and CO\u2082 concentrations in hydrogen streams.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"910\">Monitoring light gas compositions in steam reforming and hydrogen production units.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"915\" data-end=\"990\">Ensuring product purity for sensitive industrial applications or storage.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1028\">2. Ammonia and Urea Units<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1220\"><strong data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1046\">Importance:<\/strong> Ammonia production is based on the reaction of N\u2082 and H\u2082 over iron-based catalysts. Impurities like CO and CO\u2082 can decrease catalyst efficiency and trigger side reactions.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1251\"><strong data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1249\">Application of UOP603:<\/strong><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1256\" data-end=\"1337\">Precise control of impurities in feed streams entering ammonia synthesis units.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1432\">Monitoring CO\u2082 in urea production streams, which directly impacts final product quality.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1437\" data-end=\"1532\">Providing accurate data for adjusting operating conditions and preventing catalyst poisoning.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1539\" data-end=\"1582\">3. Methanol and Fischer\u2013Tropsch Units<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1585\" data-end=\"1811\"><strong data-start=\"1585\" data-end=\"1598\">Methanol:<\/strong> In methanol production from synthesis gas (Syngas: H\u2082 + CO + CO\u2082), controlling the H\u2082\/CO ratio and impurity levels is critical. UOP603 can measure CO and CO\u2082 at ppm levels, enabling optimization of feed ratios.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"1814\" data-end=\"1995\"><strong data-start=\"1814\" data-end=\"1834\">Fischer\u2013Tropsch:<\/strong> In the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons from syngas, precise control of CO and H\u2082 composition is essential to improve reaction efficiency and product quality.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2002\" data-end=\"2056\">4. Catalytic Reforming Units (CCR and Reforming)<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2059\" data-end=\"2357\"><strong data-start=\"2059\" data-end=\"2100\">CCR (Continuous Catalytic Reforming):<\/strong> In these units, light hydrocarbons are converted to high-octane gasoline. Gaseous impurities such as CO and CO\u2082 can poison catalyst surfaces and reduce conversion efficiency. UOP603 enables real-time monitoring of gas streams, ensuring process stability.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2360\" data-end=\"2547\"><strong data-start=\"2360\" data-end=\"2374\">Reforming:<\/strong> Feed streams in reforming units must be free of toxic impurities. UOP603 ensures accurate CO and CO\u2082 measurement, allowing catalysts to remain active over longer periods.<\/li><\/ul><h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2554\" data-end=\"2582\">5. Isomerization Units<\/h3><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2585\" data-end=\"2684\"><strong data-start=\"2585\" data-end=\"2603\">Isomerization:<\/strong> Conversion of linear paraffins into higher-octane isomers for fuel production.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2687\" data-end=\"2708\"><strong data-start=\"2687\" data-end=\"2706\">Role of UOP603:<\/strong><\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2713\" data-end=\"2785\">Monitoring feed impurities that could inhibit isomerization reactions.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2790\" data-end=\"2861\">Measuring light gaseous components to fine-tune operating conditions.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2866\" data-end=\"2930\">Extending catalyst life and maintaining production efficiency.<\/li><\/ul><h2 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2937\" data-end=\"2952\">Conclusion<\/h2><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"2954\" data-end=\"3391\">The UOP603 standard is recognized as an advanced and reliable method for identifying and quantifying light gas components and key impurities such as CO and CO\u2082 in the oil, gas, and petrochemical industries. By combining gas chromatography, a methanizer, and an FID detector, UOP603 delivers high sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility\u2014essential for feed quality control, process optimization, and catalyst performance preservation.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong data-start=\"3393\" data-end=\"3430\">Key advantages of UOP603 include:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3435\" data-end=\"3481\">Detection of trace impurities at ppm levels.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3484\" data-end=\"3603\">Complete separation of light and heavy components using a dual-column system with Heart-Cut and Backflush techniques.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3606\" data-end=\"3708\">High flexibility for application in hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, reforming, and isomerization units.<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3711\" data-end=\"3792\">Compliance with international standards and provision of stable, reliable data.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-start=\"3794\" data-end=\"4153\"><strong data-start=\"3794\" data-end=\"3821\"><a href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/en\/\">Artin Azma Mehr<\/a> Company<\/strong>, as the exclusive representative of industrial and laboratory equipment, offers <strong data-start=\"3902\" data-end=\"3934\"><a href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/en\/chromatec-agency-in-iran\/\">CHROMATEC<\/a> gas chromatographs<\/strong> for precise implementation of the UOP603 standard. These instruments, with high accuracy and industrial adaptability, enable reliable monitoring of CO and CO\u2082 impurities\u2014maximizing efficiency across industrial units.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50dc24 e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d50dc24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b7ecb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_images_gallery\" data-id=\"1b7ecb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_images_gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-images-gallery wd-justify-center wd-items-middle view-grid photoswipe-images\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallery-images row wd-spacing-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321744-e1764755553389.jpg\"data-width=\"450\" data-height=\"600\" data-index=\"1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321744-e1764755553389.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc (GC) \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321743-e1764755534698.jpg\"data-width=\"450\" data-height=\"600\" data-index=\"2\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321743-e1764755534698.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc (GC) \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321742-e1764755519117.jpg\"data-width=\"450\" data-height=\"600\" data-index=\"3\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321742-e1764755519117.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc (GC) \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321741-e1764755498111.jpg\"data-width=\"450\" data-height=\"600\" data-index=\"4\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321741-e1764755498111.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc (GC) \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321740-e1764755439980.jpg\"data-width=\"450\" data-height=\"600\" data-index=\"5\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321740-e1764755439980.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc (GC) \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item  col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321739-e1764755379865.jpg\"data-width=\"450\" data-height=\"600\" data-index=\"6\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/5839286971724321739-e1764755379865.jpg\"alt=\"\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc (GC) \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a UOP603 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc CO \u0648 CO2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to UOP Standards and Their Role in the Oil and Gas Industry The UOP (Universal Oil Products) standards are<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17644,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[490],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gas chromatography based on UOP603 for CO and CO2 measurement | Supplier of laboratory equipment, chemicals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Investigation of the UOP603 method in gas chromatography for the accurate measurement of CO and CO\u2082 in refinery gases and its effect on...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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