{"id":20883,"date":"2026-11-08T10:06:18","date_gmt":"2026-11-08T06:36:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/?p=20883"},"modified":"2026-11-08T10:10:26","modified_gmt":"2026-11-08T06:40:26","slug":"spent-caustic-regeneration-olefin-ivkaz-en","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/en\/spent-caustic-regeneration-olefin-ivkaz-en\/","title":{"rendered":"Regeneration of Spent Caustic in Olefin Units Using IVKAZ Catalyst"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"20883\" class=\"elementor elementor-20883 elementor-20882\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e20002a e-flex e-con-boxed wd-section-disabled e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e20002a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"aa-caustic-en\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e200000 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e200000\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>#aa-caustic-en{direction:ltr;width:100%;min-width:0}#aa-caustic-en .elementor-widget{max-width:100%;min-width:0}#aa-caustic-en .elementor-widget-text-editor{line-height:1.95;overflow-wrap:anywhere}#aa-caustic-en img{height:auto;max-width:100%}#aa-caustic-en .elementor-image-caption{text-align:center;font-size:14px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:12px}#aa-caustic-en .aa-table{max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto}#aa-caustic-en table{width:100%;min-width:440px;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0 auto;direction:ltr;float:none}#aa-caustic-en td,#aa-caustic-en th{text-align:center;padding:12px;border:1px solid #d9e5e9;white-space:normal}#aa-caustic-en th{background:#eef5f8}#aa-caustic-en .aa-equation{direction:ltr;text-align:center;unicode-bidi:isolate;overflow-x:auto;padding:14px;background:#f3f7fa;border-radius:8px}#aa-caustic-en h2,#aa-caustic-en h3{line-height:1.65;direction:ltr;text-align:left}@media(max-width:767px){#aa-caustic-en .elementor-widget-text-editor{font-size:16px}#aa-caustic-en td,#aa-caustic-en th{padding:8px;font-size:14px}#aa-caustic-en .elementor-image-caption{font-size:13px}}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f200001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Treatment and Recovery of Spent Caustic by Catalytic Oxidation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200002 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Spent caustic from olefin units in petrochemical complexes is a highly alkaline wastewater stream that may contain sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sodium mercaptides, phenolic compounds and high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Because of its unpleasant odour, toxicity, corrosivity and high pollutant loading, spent caustic must undergo appropriate treatment before disposal, transfer to a wastewater treatment unit or reuse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200003 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">In a published study, the cobalt phthalocyanine catalyst IVKAZ was investigated for regeneration and treatment of spent caustic from an olefin unit. The proposed process consists of two main stages:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200004 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Catalytic air oxidation followed by chemical precipitation with lime.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f200005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Process structure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200006 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">In the first stage, spent caustic enters a reactor. Compressed air is introduced into the liquid through a porous distributor at the bottom of the reactor, and IVKAZ catalyst is added to the reaction medium.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200007 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">IVKAZ accelerates oxidation of sulfur compounds in the caustic, particularly sulfides and mercaptides.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200008 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200008\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">The principal reactions in this stage include:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200009 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f200009\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"aa-equation\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center\">NaSH + 2O\u2082 + NaOH \u2192 Na\u2082SO\u2084 + H\u2082O<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20000a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f20000a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"aa-equation\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center\">NaSH + 2O\u2082 \u2192 \u00bdNa\u2082S\u2082O\u2083 + \u00bdH\u2082O<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20000b color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20000b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">And for sodium mercaptide oxidation:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20000c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f20000c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"aa-equation\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center\">2RSNa + \u00bdO\u2082 + H\u2082O \u2192 RSSR + 2NaOH<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20000d color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20000d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">In the third reaction, sodium mercaptides are converted into organic disulfides while some caustic soda is regenerated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20000e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f20000e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Second stage: precipitation and caustic recovery<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20000f color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20000f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Following oxidation, the first reactor effluent enters a stirred reactor. Lime, or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)\u2082), is added. The purpose of lime addition is to precipitate some of the oxidised compounds while increasing caustic soda recovery. The principal reactions reported for this stage are:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f200010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"aa-equation\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center\">Na\u2082SO\u2084 + Ca(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CaSO\u2084(s) + 2NaOH<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200011 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f200011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"aa-equation\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center\">Na\u2082CO\u2083 + Ca(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CaCO\u2083(s) + 2NaOH<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200012 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">As a result, calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate form as solids, and some sodium hydroxide is produced again in solution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200013 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">The lower part of the second reactor can be used as a settling and decanting zone to separate precipitated solids from the regenerated caustic solution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200014 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f200014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laboratory process results<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200015 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">In the studies conducted, the initial spent caustic characteristics were approximately as follows:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fdd82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1fdd82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"aa-table\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Initial spent caustic properties\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>NaOH concentration<\/td><td>approximately 1 wt%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COD<\/td><td>approximately 15,000 mg\/L<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sulfide concentration<\/td><td>approximately 670 mg\/L<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Phenol<\/td><td>approximately 300 mg\/L<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>pH<\/td><td>approximately 13.5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:14px\">Initial spent caustic properties<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20001b color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20001b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Among the conditions tested, one of the best results was obtained under the following conditions:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fdd88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1fdd88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"aa-table\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Experimental conditions\" tabindex=\"0\"><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Temperature<\/td><td>approximately 90\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air flow<\/td><td>7 L\/min<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reaction time<\/td><td>30 minutes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:14px\">Experimental conditions<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20001f color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20001f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Under these conditions:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200020 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">NaOH concentration increased from approximately 1 wt% to approximately 6 wt%, and sulfide concentration decreased from 670 to 362 mg\/L. COD reached approximately 5,050 mg\/L, and sulfide reduction was reported as approximately 45%.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200021 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Based on various articles in this field, it can be concluded that recovered caustic may be returned to the alkaline washing section of an olefin unit after its quality and operating conditions have been assessed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f200022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Process flow diagram:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e20001b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e20001b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1087\" height=\"815\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-20888 wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1087px) 100vw, 1087px\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word.png 1087w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/spent-caustic-process-original-word-150x112.png 150w\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Process flow diagram<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200023 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f200023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The role of IVKAZ catalyst in caustic regeneration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200024 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">The main role of IVKAZ in this process is to accelerate oxidation of sulfur compounds in the alkaline medium.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200025 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200025\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Sulfides and mercaptides in spent caustic are converted into more stable compounds in the presence of IVKAZ catalyst and compressed air.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200026 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">This process is significant in several respects:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200027 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Recovery of some caustic soda and the possibility of its reuse<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200028 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Reduction of sulfide and mercaptide concentrations<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200029 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Reduction of wastewater COD<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20002a color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20002a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Reduction of spent caustic odour and toxicity<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20002b color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20002b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Reduction of the load entering wastewater treatment<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20002c color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20002c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Use of milder operating conditions than some high-pressure and high-temperature air oxidation methods<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20002d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f20002d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Potential application in olefin and petrochemical units<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20002e color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20002e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">In olefin units, caustic soda solution is used to remove acidic and sulfur-containing compounds from hydrocarbon streams. Over time, accumulation of sulfides, mercaptides, phenolic compounds and other pollutants converts this solution into spent caustic. An IVKAZ-based process can be investigated as an option for treating, regenerating and reducing the pollutant load of this stream.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20002f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f20002f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Summary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200030 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Using IVKAZ catalyst in combination with compressed-air oxidation and lime precipitation is a method worth investigating for regeneration and treatment of spent caustic from olefin and petrochemical units. IVKAZ accelerates oxidation of sulfides and mercaptides, while the subsequent calcium hydroxide precipitation stage enables separation of some oxidised compounds and further caustic soda recovery. In addition to reducing pollutant loading and wastewater COD, this technology may reduce fresh caustic consumption and the volume of wastewater requiring final treatment. These studies were conducted at laboratory scale. Industrial design requires separate assessment of actual spent caustic characteristics; initial NaOH, sulfide, mercaptide, phenol and COD concentrations; flow rate; IVKAZ catalyst dosage; gas\u2013liquid mass transfer; air distributor design; residence time; lime consumption; solids separation; temperature control; and the required recovered caustic quality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200031 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200031\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">Artin Azma Mehr, with exclusive representation for production of this catalyst under licence from VINIUS and IVKAZ of Russia, supplies IVKAZ catalysts and related technologies and provides specialist services in demercaptanization, hydrocarbon stream sweetening, treatment of sulfur-containing alkaline wastewater and assessment of spent caustic regeneration in refining, petrochemical and gas processing industries.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f200032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200033 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200033\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">1- Karimi, Asadollah, et al. &#8220;Regeneration of spent caustic of olefin unit in a bubble column reactor: treatment and recovery optimization.&#8221; Environmental Progress &amp; Sustainable Energy 36.2 (2017): 341-347.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200034 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">2- Hashemi, Sayed Reza, and Amir Heidarinasab. &#8220;Spent caustic bioregeneration by using Thiobacillus denitrificans Bacteria.&#8221; World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol 67 (2012): 417-419.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200035 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200035\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">3- Maugans, C., M. Howdeshell, and S. De Haan. &#8220;Update: Spent caustic treatment.&#8221; Hydrocarbon processing 89.4 (2010).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200036 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">4- Sheu, Shih-Hsiung, and Hung-Shan Weng. &#8220;Treatment of olefin plant spent caustic by combination of neutralization and Fenton reaction.&#8221; Water research 35.8 (2001): 2017-2021.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200037 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">5- Grover, R., and H. M. Gomaa. &#8220;Proven technologies manage olefin plant&#8217;s spent caustic.&#8221; Hydrocarbon Processing;(United States) 72.9 (1993).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200038 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">6- Debellefontaine, H., et al. &#8220;Treatment of organic aqueous wastes: Wet air oxidation and wet peroxide oxidation\u00ae.&#8221; Environmental pollution 92.2 (1996): 155-164.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f200039 color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f200039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">7- Ellis, Claude E. &#8220;Wet air oxidation of refinery spent caustic.&#8221; Environmental Progress 17.1 (1998): 28-30.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20003a color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20003a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">8- Alnaizy, Raafat. &#8220;Economic analysis for wet oxidation processes for the treatment of mixed refinery spent caustic.&#8221; Environmental Progress 27.3 (2008): 295-301.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20003b color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20003b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">9- Eaton, Andrew D., et al. &#8220;Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.&#8221; American public health association 1015 (2005).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20003c color-scheme-inherit text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f20003c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">10- Czimer, Barna, Andr\u00e1s Kov\u00e1cs, and J\u00f3zsef Petr\u00f3. &#8220;Treatment of spent Merox caustic waste in industrial ecology frames.&#8221; Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 59.3 (2015): 215-220.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e200029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e200029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/artin.azma\/?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-17699 wd-lazy-load wd-lazy-fade\" alt=\"\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" data-wood-src=\"https:\/\/artinazma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/download-2.jpg\" 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